Author Guidelines

The Journal of Applied Economics & Business (JAEB) publishes original, relevant, and methodologically sound scholarly articles in applied economics, management, business, finance, and accounting. The journal welcomes contributions from academics, practitioners, policymakers, professionals, and independent researchers.

Authors must prepare their manuscripts in accordance with these guidelines and the official JAEB manuscript template. Submission of a manuscript confirms that all authors have read, understood, and agreed to comply with the journal's editorial policies, publication ethics, peer-review process, copyright policy, open-access policy, and research-integrity requirements.

Manuscripts that do not comply with the journal's scope, required structure, ethical standards, technical format, or submission requirements may be returned to the authors before peer review.

Aims

Journal of Applied Economics & Business (JAEB) publishes articles based on empirical research, case studies, and policy studies discussing the practical application of economic and business concepts. This journal serves as a forum for scientific exchange among academics, practitioners, and independent researchers through the publication of high-quality theoretical, empirical, and policy contributions.

Scope

Applied Economics

  • Applied microeconomics
  • Applied macroeconomics
  • Development and regional economics
  • Public economics and fiscal policy
  • Monetary economics and banking
  • Labor economics
  • Digital economy
  • Environmental and sustainability economics
  • International economics and trade
  • Natural resource economics
  • Creative economy and tourism
  • Institutional economics
  • Applied econometrics
  • Health economics
  • Agricultural and agribusiness economics

Management & Business

  • Strategic management
  • Operations management and supply chain
  • Human resource management
  • Marketing management
  • Entrepreneurship and MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises)
  • Business risk management
  • Innovation and technology management
  • Organizational behavior
  • Performance and productivity management
  • International business
  • Project management
  • Business ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR)
  • Quality management
  • Digital business and e-commerce
  • Organizational change management

Finance & Accounting

  • Corporate finance
  • Investment and capital markets
  • Financial accounting
  • Management accounting
  • Taxation
  • Auditing and assurance
  • Corporate governance
  • Financial technology (fintech)
  • Financial statement analysis
  • Portfolio and investment risk management
  • Public sector accounting
  • Banking and financial institutions
  • Accounting information systems
  • Behavioral finance
  • Financial inclusion and literacy

A manuscript must have a clear connection with at least one area listed within the journal's scope. Studies from education, law, communication, engineering, health, agriculture, tourism, public administration, or other disciplines may be considered when they present a clear and substantial contribution to applied economics, management, business, finance, or accounting.

A manuscript that only describes a general social, technical, legal, educational, or cultural phenomenon without a clear economic, managerial, financial, accounting, or business contribution may be considered outside the journal's scope.

Types of Manuscripts

Original Research Article

An original research article reports new findings based on quantitative, qualitative, mixed-method, experimental, econometric, survey, case-study, longitudinal, comparative, or secondary-data research.

The manuscript must present a clear research problem, relevant theoretical foundation, transparent research method, valid analysis, original findings, and a specific contribution to applied economics or business knowledge.

Case Study

A case study examines an organization, company, market, industry, policy, region, community, financial institution, business practice, or economic program in depth.

The manuscript must explain the case-selection criteria, research context, data sources, analytical procedure, evidence, limitations, and theoretical or practical lessons that extend beyond a simple description of the case.

Policy Study

A policy study evaluates the formulation, implementation, impact, effectiveness, efficiency, or implications of an economic, fiscal, monetary, financial, business, industrial, labor, trade, tourism, agricultural, environmental, or development policy.

The manuscript must use a clear analytical framework and reliable evidence. Recommendations must follow logically from the findings and must identify the relevant policymakers, institutions, businesses, or stakeholders.

Review Article

A review article critically evaluates and synthesizes previous research on a specific topic. Accepted review methods may include a systematic literature review, scoping review, bibliometric analysis, meta-analysis, integrative review, or another transparent review procedure.

A review article must explain:

  • The review objective or research questions;
  • The databases used;
  • The search period;
  • The search terms or search strings;
  • The inclusion and exclusion criteria;
  • The screening and selection process;
  • The number of records identified and analyzed;
  • The quality-assessment procedure, when applicable;
  • The data-extraction method;
  • The synthesis or analytical method;
  • The research gap and contribution produced by the review.

A descriptive summary of several articles without a systematic and transparent review process is not sufficient.

Conceptual Article

A conceptual article develops an original framework, model, proposition, theoretical explanation, or analytical perspective based on established theories and previous empirical evidence.

The manuscript must provide a clear conceptual contribution and should not consist only of definitions, textbook explanations, or separate summaries of previous studies.

Originality and Exclusive Submission

Submitted manuscripts must be original and must not have been published previously in any language or format. The manuscript must not be under review by another journal, conference proceeding, book publisher, repository intended as a final publication, or other primary publication outlet at the time of submission.

Authors must not divide one study into several minimally different manuscripts solely to increase the number of publications. Redundant publication, duplicate publication, salami publication, and undisclosed text recycling are not permitted.

A manuscript developed from a thesis, dissertation, research report, conference paper, or institutional document must be substantially revised into a journal article. Authors must disclose the manuscript's origin in the comments to the editor.

Authors must obtain permission to use copyrighted questionnaires, scales, tables, figures, photographs, maps, datasets, instruments, or other third-party materials when permission is legally required.

Language of the Manuscript

JAEB accepts manuscripts written in clear, accurate, and professional academic English.

Authors are responsible for the quality of grammar, spelling, punctuation, terminology, sentence structure, and academic expression. Authors whose first language is not English are encouraged to obtain professional language editing or review from a competent academic English editor before submission.

Language editing does not guarantee acceptance. The editorial decision remains based on the manuscript's originality, relevance, theoretical contribution, methodological quality, findings, ethical compliance, and overall scholarly merit.

Authors should avoid informal expressions, unexplained jargon, unnecessary repetition, excessively long sentences, and ambiguous claims.

Manuscript Template and File Format

Authors must use the official JAEB Manuscript Template. The format provided in the template must be maintained.

Authors must not change:

  • Page size;
  • Margins;
  • Font family;
  • Font size;
  • Line spacing;
  • Paragraph spacing;
  • Heading hierarchy;
  • Header and footer format;
  • Table format;
  • Caption format;
  • Reference format;
  • Other layout elements established in the template.

The manuscript must be submitted as an editable Microsoft Word file in .doc or .docx format. A PDF file may be uploaded as a supplementary file when requested, but it cannot replace the editable manuscript.

Authors must not add decorative page borders, watermarks, colored backgrounds, unnecessary text boxes, automatic section numbering, or visual elements that are not included in the official template.

Official template:

Download the JAEB Manuscript Template

Recommended Manuscript Length

An original research article, case study, or policy study should generally contain approximately 5,000 to 8,000 words, including tables, figures, notes, and references.

A review article may contain approximately 6,000 to 10,000 words when the additional length is justified by the scope and analytical method.

The editor may consider shorter or longer manuscripts when their scholarly contribution, methodological requirements, or policy significance justifies a different length.

Authors should focus on clarity, completeness, and analytical depth. Unnecessary repetition should be removed.

Title of the Manuscript

The title must be concise, specific, informative, and directly reflect the manuscript's principal issue, variables, context, policy, sector, population, or analytical focus.

The title should preferably contain no more than 15 to 18 words. A longer title may be accepted when additional words are necessary to clarify the study.

Authors should avoid:

  • Titles that are overly broad;
  • Titles that do not reflect the actual study;
  • Unnecessary abbreviations or acronyms;
  • Mathematical formulas;
  • Titles written entirely in capital letters;
  • Expressions such as “A Study of” or “An Analysis of” when they add no specific meaning;
  • Claims that are not supported by the findings.

Author Names and Affiliations

Authors must enter their full names without academic degrees, professional titles, or institutional positions.

The spelling and order of author names in the manuscript must be identical to the author information entered in the OJS metadata.

Each affiliation must include:

  • Department, study program, center, or research unit;
  • Faculty, school, or division, when applicable;
  • University, institution, company, or organization;
  • City;
  • Country.

One author must be identified as the corresponding author. The corresponding author is responsible for all communication with the journal before submission, during peer review, during production, and after publication.

Authors should provide active institutional email addresses whenever possible. Authors are strongly encouraged to include a valid ORCID iD in the submission metadata.

The author order must be agreed upon by all authors before submission. Requests to add, remove, or rearrange authors after submission must include a written explanation and approval from all affected authors.

Abstract

The abstract must provide a complete and accurate summary of the manuscript. It must be understandable without reading the full article.

The abstract should contain approximately 200 to 250 words and must use the following structured elements:

Purpose

State the main objective, research question, problem, or policy issue addressed by the study.

Methodology

Explain the research design, research context, population or informants, sample, data source, data-collection technique, analytical method, and software when relevant.

Findings

Present the principal findings that directly answer the research objective. Avoid vague statements such as “the findings are discussed in the article.”

Implications

Explain the main theoretical, managerial, economic, financial, accounting, policy, social, or practical implications.

Originality

State the manuscript's novelty in terms of theory, context, variables, model, dataset, method, policy, mechanism, sector, population, or conceptual contribution.

The abstract must not contain:

  • Citations or references;
  • Footnotes;
  • Tables or figures;
  • Undefined abbreviations;
  • Long statistical details;
  • Information that does not appear in the manuscript;
  • Unsupported claims.

Keywords

Authors must provide four to six specific keywords. Keywords must be separated by semicolons.

Keywords should represent the study's principal concepts, variables, methods, population, sector, policy, or geographical context.

Authors should avoid broad and uninformative keywords such as “economics,” “business,” “management,” “research,” “company,” or “performance” unless they are combined with more specific terms.

Keywords should not repeat all words used in the manuscript title.

Introduction

The Introduction must explain the background, urgency, research problem, research gap, novelty, objective, and contribution of the study.

Authors should begin with a current and relevant issue in applied economics, management, business, finance, or accounting. The discussion should then narrow to the specific country, region, industry, organization, market, population, policy, or dataset examined in the study.

A strong Introduction should include:

  • Relevant empirical facts or current statistical evidence;
  • The economic, managerial, financial, accounting, business, or policy significance of the issue;
  • A clear and specific research problem;
  • Relevant theoretical arguments;
  • A critical review of recent studies;
  • A clearly stated research gap;
  • The originality or novelty of the present study;
  • The research objective or research questions;
  • The expected theoretical and practical contribution.

The Introduction must not consist only of definitions or general statements. Each paragraph should develop the argument and lead logically to the research objective.

A research gap may relate to:

  • Inconsistent findings in previous studies;
  • Limited evidence from a specific country, region, sector, or population;
  • Underexplored variables or relationships;
  • Weak theoretical integration;
  • Limited measurement or analytical methods;
  • A lack of longitudinal or comparative evidence;
  • Insufficient qualitative explanation;
  • Outdated datasets;
  • Recent economic or technological changes;
  • Unresolved organizational, financial, accounting, or policy problems.

The final part of the Introduction must state the research objective and contribution explicitly.

Literature Review

The Literature Review must provide a critical, analytical, comparative, and theory-based discussion of the research problem.

Authors must explain how established theories, previous empirical findings, research methods, and the proposed research model relate to the manuscript's objective.

The Literature Review must not consist only of separate summaries of individual sources. Authors should compare, connect, and synthesize previous studies.

Most references should come from relevant peer-reviewed journal articles published within the last five years. Older sources may be used for foundational theories, seminal concepts, historical developments, established measurement scales, or essential methodological references.

Theoretical Foundation

Authors must identify the principal theory or theoretical perspective supporting the study. The selected theory must correspond with the research problem, variables, context, method, and analytical model.

Relevant theoretical perspectives may include:

  • Resource-Based View;
  • Dynamic Capability Theory;
  • Agency Theory;
  • Stakeholder Theory;
  • Institutional Theory;
  • Transaction Cost Economics;
  • Signaling Theory;
  • Behavioral Economics;
  • Human Capital Theory;
  • Social Exchange Theory;
  • Theory of Planned Behavior;
  • Technology Acceptance Model;
  • Diffusion of Innovation Theory;
  • Upper Echelons Theory;
  • Contingency Theory;
  • Transformational Leadership Theory;
  • Other established theories relevant to the research problem.

Authors must explain why the selected theory is appropriate and how it helps interpret the mechanisms, relationships, decisions, behavior, performance, or outcomes examined in the study.

Previous Empirical Studies

Previous empirical studies must be reviewed critically. Authors should compare:

  • Research objectives;
  • Theoretical perspectives;
  • Countries or regions;
  • Industries or sectors;
  • Samples or participants;
  • Data periods;
  • Research methods;
  • Measurement instruments;
  • Analytical techniques;
  • Main findings;
  • Limitations;
  • Unresolved issues.

Authors may include a literature-synthesis table when it improves clarity. The table may present the authors and year, context, method, key finding, limitation, and gap addressed by the current study.

A synthesis table must support the narrative discussion and cannot replace it.

Hypothesis or Proposition Development

Quantitative manuscripts must develop hypotheses using logical theoretical and empirical arguments.

Each hypothesis must be preceded by an explanation of:

  • The relevant theoretical mechanism;
  • The expected direction of the relationship;
  • The supporting empirical evidence;
  • The relevance of the relationship to the research context.

Hypotheses must be specific, testable, consistent with the research model, and presented separately.

Example:

H1: Digital capability has a positive effect on firm performance.

Qualitative, conceptual, and case-study manuscripts may use research propositions or a conceptual framework instead of statistical hypotheses.

Propositions should explain the expected mechanisms, processes, patterns, relationships, or analytical focus of the study.

Research Model or Conceptual Framework

A quantitative manuscript should include a research model when it examines relationships among variables.

A qualitative, policy, or conceptual manuscript may include a conceptual framework, analytical framework, process model, policy model, or thematic map.

The model or framework must:

  • Be based on the theoretical and empirical discussion;
  • Show the main variables, concepts, mechanisms, or relationships;
  • Use clear labels and readable symbols;
  • Be referred to and explained before it appears;
  • Include a figure number, caption, and source;
  • Be provided in a clear and editable or high-resolution format.

Research Methods

The Research Methods section must describe the research process clearly enough to allow readers to assess its validity and, where applicable, replicate the study.

The method should generally be written in the past tense. Authors must identify and justify each method used.

Authors must avoid vague statements such as “the data were analyzed using an appropriate method.”

Research Design

State whether the study uses a quantitative, qualitative, mixed-method, experimental, econometric, survey, case-study, cross-sectional, longitudinal, comparative, policy-evaluation, or other research design.

Explain why the selected design is appropriate for the research objective.

Research Context

Describe the country, region, organization, industry, market, institution, business, policy, or community in which the study was conducted.

Provide sufficient information for readers to understand the study's relevance, boundaries, and context.

Population, Sample, and Unit of Analysis

Quantitative studies must explain:

  • The target population;
  • The accessible population;
  • The unit of analysis;
  • The sampling frame;
  • The sampling technique;
  • The inclusion and exclusion criteria;
  • The sample-size calculation or justification;
  • The number of instruments distributed;
  • The number of usable responses;
  • The response rate, when relevant.

The sample size must be justified using a statistical, methodological, or theoretical basis appropriate to the analytical technique.

Participants or Informants

Qualitative studies must explain:

  • The participant or informant criteria;
  • The selection strategy;
  • The number and relevant characteristics of participants;
  • The participants' relationship with the research issue;
  • The procedure used to determine data adequacy or saturation.

Variables and Operational Definitions

Quantitative studies must identify all dependent, independent, mediating, moderating, control, and other relevant variables.

Authors should explain:

  • The conceptual definition of each variable;
  • The operational definition;
  • The dimensions and indicators;
  • The measurement scale;
  • The source of the measurement items;
  • Any adaptation, translation, or modification process.

When an instrument is adapted from previous research, the original sources must be cited.

Data Sources

Studies using secondary data must identify:

  • The database, institution, or data owner;
  • The observation period;
  • The number of firms, institutions, regions, countries, periods, or observations;
  • The variables collected;
  • The inclusion and exclusion criteria;
  • The data-cleaning process;
  • The treatment of missing data;
  • The treatment of outliers;
  • The treatment of duplicate records.

Data Collection

Explain the instruments and procedures used to collect data, including questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observations, experiments, documents, databases, financial statements, annual reports, policy reports, transaction data, or digital records.

For questionnaire research, explain:

  • The questionnaire development process;
  • The source of the items;
  • The response scale;
  • The pilot test or pretest;
  • The distribution method;
  • The data-collection period.

For interviews, explain:

  • The interview type;
  • The interview guide;
  • The location or platform;
  • The approximate duration;
  • The recording procedure;
  • The transcription process;
  • The consent procedure.

Validity and Reliability

Quantitative studies must report validity and reliability assessments that correspond with the selected measurement and analytical method.

Relevant tests may include:

  • Content validity;
  • Face validity;
  • Construct validity;
  • Convergent validity;
  • Discriminant validity;
  • Factor loading;
  • Average variance extracted;
  • Cronbach's alpha;
  • Composite reliability;
  • Heterotrait-monotrait ratio;
  • Exploratory factor analysis;
  • Confirmatory factor analysis;
  • Other appropriate measures.

Qualitative studies must explain the procedures used to establish research trustworthiness.

These procedures may include:

  • Data-source triangulation;
  • Method triangulation;
  • Researcher triangulation;
  • Member checking;
  • Peer debriefing;
  • Audit trails;
  • Thick description;
  • Negative-case analysis;
  • Researcher reflexivity.

Data Analysis

Authors must state the analytical method, analytical steps, and software with its version when relevant.

Quantitative or econometric methods may include:

  • Descriptive statistics;
  • Correlation analysis;
  • Multiple regression;
  • Logistic regression;
  • Panel-data regression;
  • Time-series analysis;
  • Structural equation modeling;
  • Moderation analysis;
  • Mediation analysis;
  • Difference-in-differences;
  • Propensity-score matching;
  • Instrumental-variable analysis;
  • Robustness or sensitivity testing;
  • Other suitable techniques.

Qualitative methods may include:

  • Thematic analysis;
  • Content analysis;
  • Grounded theory analysis;
  • Narrative analysis;
  • Phenomenological analysis;
  • Case-based analysis;
  • Policy analysis;
  • Other systematic qualitative approaches.

Research Ethics

Research involving human participants, personal information, confidential organizational data, vulnerable groups, or sensitive records must comply with applicable ethical and legal requirements.

Authors must state:

  • The name of the ethics committee or institutional review board;
  • The ethical-approval number, when applicable;
  • The informed-consent procedure;
  • The measures used to maintain confidentiality and anonymity;
  • Any relevant risks and risk-mitigation procedures.

When formal ethical approval was not required, authors must provide a clear explanation based on the nature of the study and applicable institutional rules.

Results and Discussion

JAEB permits either a combined Results and Discussion section or separate Results and Discussion sections.

Authors must use the selected structure consistently.

Combined Results and Discussion

The combined structure is suitable when the manuscript presents each finding together with its interpretation.

Each subsection should:

  • State a principal finding;
  • Provide supporting evidence;
  • Interpret the finding;
  • Connect the result with the theoretical framework;
  • Compare the result with previous studies;
  • Explain its theoretical, managerial, economic, financial, accounting, policy, or practical implications.

Results

When Results and Discussion are separated, the Results section must report the findings objectively and in a logical order.

Quantitative studies should report, when relevant:

  • Respondent or data characteristics;
  • Response rate;
  • Data-screening results;
  • Descriptive statistics;
  • Validity and reliability results;
  • Model-fit or model-quality results;
  • Diagnostic and assumption tests;
  • Hypothesis-testing results;
  • Effect sizes;
  • Confidence intervals;
  • Robustness or sensitivity tests.

Qualitative studies should report:

  • Participant or case characteristics;
  • Main themes and subthemes;
  • Categories and patterns;
  • Relationships among themes;
  • Relevant interview quotations or documentary evidence;
  • Contradictory or negative cases, when applicable.

Every table, figure, model, statistical output, and quotation must be explained after it appears.

Discussion

The Discussion section must interpret the findings and explain their meaning. Authors should not merely repeat the numerical results.

The discussion should:

  • Answer the research questions;
  • Explain why the findings occurred;
  • Relate the findings to the theoretical framework;
  • Compare the results with previous studies;
  • Explain consistency or inconsistency with prior research;
  • Discuss unexpected findings;
  • Identify the theoretical contribution;
  • Present specific managerial or policy implications;
  • Explain the economic, financial, accounting, or business relevance.

Authors must avoid causal claims when the research design supports only an association or correlation.

Statistical and Econometric Reporting

Statistical and econometric results must be reported accurately, transparently, and consistently.

Where relevant, authors should report:

  • Sample size;
  • Mean and standard deviation;
  • Minimum and maximum values;
  • Correlation coefficients;
  • Unstandardized or standardized coefficients;
  • Standard errors;
  • Test statistics;
  • Exact p-values;
  • Confidence intervals;
  • Effect sizes;
  • Model fit;
  • Coefficient of determination;
  • Diagnostic tests;
  • Robustness tests.

When statistical software displays a p-value of 0.000, authors must report it as p < 0.001, not p = 0.000.

Statistical significance must not be treated as the only indicator of importance. Authors should explain the magnitude, direction, economic relevance, managerial relevance, policy relevance, or practical significance of the results.

Tables

Tables must be numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals in the order in which they are cited.

Each table must:

  • Be referred to and explained in the text before it appears;
  • Have a concise and informative title above the table;
  • Use horizontal lines only when possible;
  • Avoid unnecessary vertical lines;
  • Avoid colored cells;
  • Avoid excessive bold formatting;
  • Use consistent decimal places;
  • Define all abbreviations and symbols;
  • Include notes and sources below the table;
  • Be editable and not presented as a screenshot.

Tables should present information efficiently and should not duplicate information already described fully in the text.

Authors must obtain permission to reproduce or adapt copyrighted tables when required.

Figures, Charts, and Images

Figures must be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are cited.

Each figure must:

  • Be referred to and explained in the text before it appears;
  • Have a caption below the figure;
  • Include a source below the caption;
  • Use readable labels, text, and legends;
  • Remain clear on screen and in print;
  • Use a professional visual presentation;
  • Avoid decorative elements that do not support the analysis.

Charts, diagrams, maps, photographs, and research models must be submitted in a clear and high-resolution format. Authors may be asked to provide the original image or editable file during production.

Authors must obtain permission to reproduce copyrighted figures or images.

Mathematical Equations

Equations must be prepared using an editable equation tool. Equations must not be inserted as screenshots.

Important equations should be numbered consecutively when they are referred to elsewhere in the manuscript.

All variables, parameters, symbols, indices, and abbreviations must be defined immediately after the equation or in the accompanying paragraph.

Quotations

Direct quotations must be used sparingly.

Short quotations should be integrated naturally into a paragraph and accompanied by the author, year, and page number.

Authors should prioritize paraphrasing, analysis, and critical synthesis instead of relying on long direct quotations.

Block quotations should be avoided unless they are essential to qualitative evidence or legal and policy analysis.

Interview quotations must protect participant confidentiality. Participant codes or pseudonyms should be used when required by the approved research protocol.

Conclusion

The Conclusion must answer the research objective directly and summarize the principal findings without repeating all statistical values or detailed discussion.

A strong conclusion should include:

  • The principal conclusion;
  • The theoretical contribution;
  • The managerial, economic, financial, accounting, policy, or practical implication;
  • The main limitation of the study;
  • A specific direction for future research.

The Conclusion must not introduce new data, citations, hypotheses, variables, or arguments that were not presented in the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The Acknowledgements section may identify individuals, institutions, funding bodies, research assistants, data providers, participating organizations, or other parties that supported the study but do not meet the criteria for authorship.

The statement should be concise and professional.

Example:

The authors would like to thank the participating organizations and respondents for their valuable contributions to this study. The authors also thank [Institution Name] for administrative and technical support.

When no acknowledgement is required, authors may state:

The authors declare that no specific acknowledgement is required for this study.

Author Contributions

All manuscripts must include an author-contribution statement. JAEB recommends the CRediT Contributor Roles Taxonomy.

Relevant roles may include:

  • Conceptualization;
  • Methodology;
  • Software;
  • Validation;
  • Formal analysis;
  • Investigation;
  • Resources;
  • Data curation;
  • Writing the original draft;
  • Writing, review, and editing;
  • Visualization;
  • Supervision;
  • Project administration;
  • Funding acquisition.

All listed authors must have made a meaningful scholarly contribution, approved the final manuscript, and agreed to be accountable for their contributions.

Guest authorship, honorary authorship, gift authorship, and ghost authorship are prohibited.

Funding Statement

Authors must disclose all financial support received for the research, manuscript preparation, and publication.

The statement must include the official name of the funding institution and grant number when applicable.

Example:

This research was funded by [Funding Institution], grant number [Grant Number].

When no external funding was received, authors should state:

This research received no external funding.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors must disclose any financial, personal, institutional, professional, commercial, or other relationships that could influence the research, analysis, interpretation, or publication of the manuscript.

Example:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

When a conflict exists, the authors must describe it clearly.

Data Availability Statement

Authors must provide a data-availability statement explaining whether and how the data supporting the findings can be accessed.

Examples:

The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

The data are publicly available in [Repository Name] at [URL or DOI].

The data are not publicly available because they contain confidential organizational information or information that could compromise participant privacy.

Authors must not share personally identifiable, confidential, commercially sensitive, or legally restricted data without appropriate authorization.

Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools

Artificial intelligence tools cannot be listed as authors because they cannot assume responsibility or accountability for a manuscript.

This policy follows the position of the Committee on Publication Ethics regarding authorship and artificial intelligence tools.

Authors remain fully responsible for:

  • The accuracy of all information;
  • The originality of the manuscript;
  • The validity of the analysis;
  • The accuracy of citations and references;
  • The protection of confidential information;
  • The absence of fabricated data, quotations, or references;
  • Compliance with copyright and publication ethics.

When generative artificial intelligence has been used in a material manner, authors must disclose:

  • The name of the tool;
  • The version, when available;
  • The purpose of its use;
  • The parts of the manuscript affected;
  • The procedures used to verify the output.

AI tools must not be used to fabricate data, manipulate findings, create false references, replace required analysis, or upload confidential participant or manuscript data to unauthorized systems.

References

References must follow the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition.

Every source cited in the manuscript must appear in the reference list. Every source included in the reference list must be cited in the manuscript.

Authors should prioritize:

  • Peer-reviewed journal articles;
  • Reputable academic books;
  • Official statistical reports;
  • Government publications;
  • Institutional reports;
  • Verified datasets;
  • Valid legal and policy documents.

Most references should be relevant publications from the last five years. Older references may be used for seminal theories, foundational concepts, established instruments, or essential historical sources.

Authors should avoid excessive reliance on:

  • Personal blogs;
  • Anonymous websites;
  • Unverified commercial content;
  • Predatory journals;
  • Sources that cannot be accessed or verified;
  • Sources that do not support the cited argument.

Each reference must include an active DOI when one is available.

DOIs must be written in the following format:

https://doi.org/xxxxx

Authors must verify every DOI before submission. Fake, incorrect, inactive, inaccessible, or unrelated DOI links are prohibited.

When no DOI is available, authors may include a valid and accessible URL.

Authors are strongly encouraged to use Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote, or another reliable reference-management application. Authors must still check the final reference list manually.

Journal Article with DOI

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2024). Title of the article in sentence case. Journal Name, 12(2), 100–115. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Journal Article without DOI

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2023). Title of the article in sentence case. Journal Name, 10(1), 50–65. https://journalwebsite.com/article

Book

Author, A. A. (2021). Title of the book in sentence case. Publisher.

Book Chapter

Author, A. A. (2022). Title of the chapter. In B. B. Editor & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (pp. 20–40). Publisher.

Official Report

Organization Name. (2025). Title of the report. Publisher or Institution. URL

In-Text Citations

JAEB uses the APA 7 author-date citation system.

Narrative Citation

Smith and Jones (2024) found that digital capability improved operational efficiency.

Parenthetical Citation

Digital capability may strengthen operational efficiency (Smith & Jones, 2024).

Three or More Authors

Smith et al. (2024) found that digital capability improved operational efficiency.

Direct Quotation

Smith and Jones (2024) stated that “quoted text” (p. 15).

Authors should combine narrative and parenthetical citations naturally. Citations should support specific arguments and should not be added only to increase the number of references.

Plagiarism and Similarity Screening

All submitted manuscripts will undergo similarity screening using Turnitin, iThenticate, or another recognized similarity-detection system before or during the editorial process.

The editorial team evaluates similarity results qualitatively. The editor will examine:

  • The sources of similarity;
  • The distribution of matched text;
  • The context of the similarities;
  • The quality of paraphrasing;
  • The presence of unattributed copying;
  • The possibility of duplicate publication;
  • The presence of text recycling.

A numerical similarity score does not automatically determine acceptance or rejection.

Manuscripts containing plagiarism, inappropriate paraphrasing, duplicate publication, fabricated citations, or substantial unattributed copying may be rejected.

Research and Publication Misconduct

JAEB does not tolerate:

  • Plagiarism;
  • Self-plagiarism or undisclosed text recycling;
  • Data fabrication;
  • Data falsification;
  • Image manipulation that changes the meaning of evidence;
  • Duplicate or redundant publication;
  • Undisclosed conflicts of interest;
  • Authorship manipulation;
  • Peer-review manipulation;
  • Citation manipulation;
  • False identities or affiliations;
  • False ethical-approval information;
  • Other violations of research or publication ethics.

Suspected misconduct will be investigated in accordance with the guidance and flowcharts of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Double-Blind Peer Review

JAEB applies a double-blind peer-review process. The reviewers do not receive the authors' identities, and the authors do not receive the reviewers' identities.

Authors must ensure that the anonymous review manuscript does not reveal their identity.

Authors should remove or anonymize:

  • Author names;
  • Author affiliations;
  • Author email addresses;
  • Personal acknowledgements;
  • Institutional information that unnecessarily reveals authorship;
  • Names stored in the document properties;
  • Statements that directly identify the authors.

Self-citations must be written in the third person and treated in the same manner as citations to other authors.

Editorial and Peer-Review Process

A submitted manuscript normally passes through the following stages:

  • Administrative and formatting check;
  • Scope and editorial-quality screening;
  • Similarity screening;
  • Initial editorial decision;
  • Assignment to peer reviewers;
  • Double-blind peer review;
  • Author revision;
  • Assessment of the revised manuscript;
  • Final editorial decision;
  • Copyediting;
  • Layout preparation;
  • Author proofreading;
  • Online publication.

Possible editorial decisions include:

  • Accept submission;
  • Revisions required;
  • Resubmit for review;
  • Decline submission.

Editorial decisions are based on originality, relevance, theoretical contribution, methodological validity, ethical compliance, quality of analysis, clarity of reporting, reviewer recommendations, and conformity with the journal's scope.

Revision of the Manuscript

When revision is requested, authors must submit:

  • A revised manuscript;
  • A detailed response-to-reviewers document;
  • A response to every reviewer and editor comment;
  • The page, paragraph, table, figure, or section where each revision was made;
  • A clear academic justification when a suggestion is not followed;
  • Any supplementary documents requested by the editor.

The response-to-reviewers document should reproduce each reviewer comment and place the author's response immediately below it.

Authors must respond professionally and respectfully, including when they disagree with a reviewer.

Failure to submit a revision within the specified period may result in the manuscript being closed or treated as a new submission.

Proofreading and Final Approval

After acceptance, the manuscript will undergo copyediting and layout preparation.

The corresponding author will receive the proof for final checking.

At the proofreading stage, authors should correct only:

  • Typographical errors;
  • Formatting errors;
  • Affiliation errors;
  • Metadata errors;
  • Production errors.

Substantial changes to the title, authorship, data, analysis, results, or conclusions are not normally permitted after acceptance.

Authors must return the corrected proof within the deadline specified by the editorial office.

Copyright and Open Access License

JAEB provides immediate open access to all published articles.

Articles are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

The CC BY 4.0 license permits readers to copy, distribute, display, adapt, transform, and build upon the published work for any lawful purpose, including commercial use, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original authors and publication source.

Authors are responsible for ensuring that third-party materials included in their manuscripts can be distributed under the journal's license or are accompanied by the required permission and attribution.

Preprint Policy

Authors must disclose whether the manuscript has been deposited on a recognized preprint server.

The existence of a preprint does not automatically constitute duplicate publication. Authors must provide the preprint link during submission.

After publication, authors should update the preprint record with the final article citation and DOI when the preprint platform permits this action.

Authors must ensure that preprint posting does not violate participant confidentiality, institutional rules, funder requirements, legal restrictions, or third-party copyright.

Supplementary Materials

Authors may submit relevant supplementary materials, including:

  • Questionnaires;
  • Interview guides;
  • Additional tables;
  • Additional statistical tests;
  • Robustness-test results;
  • Data dictionaries;
  • Analytical code;
  • Appendices;
  • Audio or video files;
  • Other supporting documentation.

Supplementary materials must be relevant to the manuscript and must not contain unauthorized confidential, copyrighted, commercially sensitive, or personally identifiable information.

Submission through OJS

All manuscripts must be submitted through the official JAEB online submission system.

Submissions sent only through personal email will not be processed unless the editorial office specifically requests email submission.

The corresponding author must:

  • Create or use an active OJS account;
  • Complete all required submission metadata;
  • Enter the manuscript title accurately;
  • Enter the complete abstract;
  • Add every author in the correct order;
  • Provide each author's affiliation, country, and email address;
  • Add ORCID iDs when available;
  • Enter each keyword separately;
  • Upload the manuscript and required supporting documents;
  • Confirm compliance with the submission checklist.

The metadata entered into OJS must match the information presented in the manuscript.

Required Submission Files

Authors should prepare the following documents:

  • The manuscript prepared using the official JAEB template;
  • An anonymous manuscript for double-blind peer review, when required;
  • A title page containing complete author information, when required;
  • A declaration of originality and publication ethics;
  • A copyright or license agreement, when requested;
  • Ethical-approval documentation, when applicable;
  • Permission letters for copyrighted materials, when applicable;
  • Supplementary materials, when relevant.

Submission Checklist

Before completing the submission, authors must confirm that:

  • The manuscript is original;
  • The manuscript has not been published previously;
  • The manuscript is not under review by another publication;
  • The manuscript fits the aims and scope of JAEB;
  • The official JAEB template has been used;
  • The template's font, margins, spacing, and layout have not been changed;
  • The title is concise, specific, and informative;
  • The abstract follows the required structured format;
  • Four to six specific keywords have been provided;
  • The research gap, novelty, objective, and contribution are stated clearly;
  • The research method is transparent and appropriate;
  • The ethical procedure is reported when applicable;
  • All tables and figures are cited before they appear;
  • All tables and figures include titles, captions, notes, and sources;
  • The statistical results are reported accurately;
  • The Discussion interprets the findings rather than repeating them;
  • The Conclusion answers the research objective;
  • The author-contribution statement is included;
  • The funding statement is included;
  • The conflict-of-interest statement is included;
  • The data-availability statement is included;
  • Any material use of artificial intelligence has been disclosed;
  • Every in-text citation appears in the reference list;
  • Every reference-list entry is cited in the manuscript;
  • The references follow APA 7 style;
  • All available DOIs have been checked and written as active links;
  • The manuscript has been checked for English-language quality;
  • The manuscript has been checked for plagiarism and inappropriate similarity;
  • All authors have approved the final manuscript and author order;
  • The OJS metadata are complete and consistent with the manuscript.

Article Processing Charges

Information concerning submission fees, article processing charges, publication fees, waiver arrangements, and other charges is provided on the official Article Processing Charges page of JAEB.

The journal will not request payments outside the procedures and official contact channels stated on the JAEB website.

Editorial Contact

Questions concerning manuscript preparation, submission, revision, or publication should be addressed to the official JAEB editorial office.

Journal of Applied Economics & Business
Publisher: PT Penerbit Velora Indonesia
Email: ejournal@veloraindonesia.com
Website: veloraindonesia.com

These Author Guidelines form part of the editorial policies of the Journal of Applied Economics & Business. The journal may revise these guidelines periodically to maintain consistency with developments in scholarly publishing, publication ethics, open-access practices, research-integrity standards, and national journal-accreditation requirements.